Unit 3

Terms 1 & 2 (20 weeks)

Focuses on developing computer-based systems and producing spreadsheet and database solutions. Students study systems analysis and development, then apply managing data skills.

Systems Analysis and Development

Project Management

Planning: Define goals, deliverables, scope, and constraints
Scheduling: Order tasks and set timelines
Budgeting: Estimate and track costs
Tracking: Monitor progress and adjust plans

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Methodologies include prototyping and the SDLC. The SDLC is a structured approach to system development.

Preliminary Analysis
Analysis
Design
Development
Implementation
Evaluation & Maintenance

The cycle returns from Evaluation & Maintenance back to Preliminary Analysis

Learn more about SDLC →

Context Diagrams (Yourdon/DeMarco)

A context diagram is a single-process view of a system with external entities and data flows.

[Customer] ---- order ----> (System) ---- receipt ----> [Customer]
[Supplier] ---- delivery -> (System) ---- invoice ---> [Supplier]

Common Mistake: Context diagrams should only have ONE process (the system). Multiple processes means it's a DFD, not a context diagram.

Hardware and Software

Hardware

Physical components: input, output, processing, storage

Software

Operating systems, utilities, and applications

Storage Units

Unit Equivalent
1 byte8 bits
1 kilobyte (KB)1024 bytes
1 megabyte (MB)1024 KB
1 gigabyte (GB)1024 MB
1 terabyte (TB)1024 GB

CPU Components and Fetch-Execute Cycle

ALU Arithmetic and logic operations
CU Controls instruction flow
Registers Fast storage for immediate data
Program Counter Tracks next instruction
System Clock Timing signal for operations

Fetch-Execute Cycle

Fetch
Decode
Execute
Store
(repeat)

Managing Data

Spreadsheet Fundamentals

Key terms: cell, formula, function, label, worksheet, lookup table.

Formula: =B2*C2
Function: =SUM(B2:B10)
Lookup: =VLOOKUP(A2, Table, 2, FALSE)

Common Mistake: Confusing formulas (calculations like =B2*C2) with functions (built-in operations like =SUM()).

Data Hierarchy

Character/Byte
Field
Record
Table/Relation

Database Concepts

Data Integrity

Accuracy and consistency of data

Data Redundancy

Unnecessary duplication of data

Common Mistake: Mixing up data integrity (correctness) with data redundancy (duplication).